Ointment

Ointments are semi-solid preparation meant for external application to the skin. The ointments are mainly used as protective emollient for the skin. Different types of ointments are available in market such as :-
1. Antibiotic ointment 2. Anti-inflammatory Ointment 3. Ointment used for dandruff treatment 4. Parasiticide ointment

Ointment contain a base which serve as carrier for the medicament.
Example of ointment- Simple ointment, sulpher ointment, compund benzoic acid ointment.
STORAGE : Now-a-days ointments are generally supplied in plastic or metallic collapsible tube. It should be stored in a well closed container. A secondary label "for external use only" should be fixed on the container.

ANTIBIOTICS

Antibiotics are the chemical substance synthesized by the various species of micro-organisms and produce suppression of growth and destruction of other micro-organisms. An antibiotics is said to have a narrow spectrum of activity, if it is effective against either Gram-positive or gram-ve bacteria. A broad spectrum antibiotic is effective against both gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria.

Cosmetic preparation

Cosmetic is defined as an item intended to be rubbed, poured , introduced into the human body there of for cleansing, protecting, beautifying, promoting attractiveness.
Cosmetics serve many functions:-
1. Avoid Premature ageing of skin
2. Improve overall looks and personality.
Classification of cosmetic:-
1. According to their use:- i. Use for skin i.e. Cream, Powder, Lotion
ii. Use for nail e.g. Nail polish, Nail polish remover

2. According to their function:- i. Protective function i.e. Face Powder
ii. Decorative function i.e. Lipsticks, eye lashes.

3. According to their Physical nature:- i. Aerosol i.e. Hair Perfumes
ii. Paste i.e. Deodorant paste, Toothpaste.

Pharmaceutiics

In D.Pharm there is a subject called Pharmaceutics. It means : How to prepare different dosages form, for example : Tablet, Syruf, Ointment, Capsule etc. POSOLOGY: The word Posology is derived from the Greek words posos meaning how much and logos meaning science. So, Posology is a branch of medical science which deals with dose or quantity of drugs which can be administered to a patient to get the desired Pharmacological action. The dose of a drug depends upon the different factors like age, condition of the patient, severity of the disease, tolerances both natural and acquired, route of administration drug interaction and rate of elimination.

Pharmacy

It is the medical and Pharmaceutical branch of science. It is devided in to 3 branches. In Parmacy the minimum qualification of Pharmacist is D.Pharm. Pharmacist should know the two basic things, 1.Dispensing of Medicine and 2. Compunding of Medicament. In Pharmacy we can study the cultivation, collection, extraction and formulation of crude drug which are obtained from plant, animal and mineral sources.